Digital divide in UK prisons as Swansea study reveals tech gaps facing ex-offenders
New research from Swansea University finds limited digital access is preventing people with criminal records from rebuilding their lives and reducing reoffending.
Study reveals multi-layered digital barriers
A study by Swansea University has identified significant digital exclusion among people involved in the criminal legal system (CLS) in Wales, UK. The research, published in Health & Justice, involved 41 participants and explored their access to technology, digital literacy, and how these factors affect their reintegration into society.
Participants included individuals recently released from prison and others serving or previously serving community orders. Findings showed that while 70% of participants owned smartphones, many lacked broadband access, the data needed to stay connected, or the digital skills to use the technology effectively. Over 40% reported having no Wi-Fi at home, and a third said they could not afford the necessary data. Ownership of laptops or tablets was even lower, with just 13 participants reporting access. Public libraries and community hubs provided some connectivity, but limited opening hours and travel costs were noted as barriers.
Use of digital tools remains limited
The study found that where digital technology was available, it was mostly used for personal or social purposes, such as calling friends or browsing social media, rather than for accessing healthcare, education, or employment opportunities. Less than half of the participants said they felt confident using the internet, and many expressed concerns about privacy, surveillance, and a lack of understanding around basic functions such as installing apps.
Although smartphones were more commonly used than laptops or tablets, participants were often only comfortable using a small range of apps or features. For example, 68% preferred phone calls over texting, and 49 percent said technical terms were confusing.
Digital competency linked to desistance
The research builds on Reisdorf and Rikard’s digital rehabilitation model, which argues that access to digital tools is essential for supporting desistance, the process of moving away from criminal behavior. Without access and training, individuals are further excluded from key systems such as job markets, social services, and healthcare.
The report outlines how digital exclusion intersects with other social disadvantages, including poverty, unstable housing, and limited education. It also emphasizes how essential digital skills are for tasks that have now largely moved online, such as applying for benefits, securing housing, or accessing banking services.
Support needed beyond hardware
While access to devices is a core issue, the study found that improving digital confidence and literacy is equally important. Over 75% of participants believed training should be available, but many said they would be more comfortable learning in informal settings rather than traditional classrooms. Some requested one-on-one support to help navigate tasks like setting up devices or writing emails.
The research team recommends embedding digital inclusion into probation and rehabilitation policy. That includes not only improving access to devices and internet connectivity but also recognizing digital competency as a core requirement in reentry and desistance support services.
Call for digital inclusion in criminal justice reform
Gemma Morgan, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Sociology and Social Policy at Swansea University, said:
“Digital technology is no longer a luxury—it is essential for navigating modern life. Our findings show that providing access to digital tools and enhancing digital skills must be prioritised in desistance support to prevent people in the criminal justice system from being left behind.”
